I just finished reading a fascinating paper on soccer and crime in Uruguay (4th in the 2010 World Cup), by Ignacio Munyo and Martín Rossi from the Universidad de San Andrés in Argentina.
Rossi is also the author of another interesting paper on conscription and crime where he showed that participation in the Argentinian military service increases the likelihood of developing a criminal record in adulthood….But that is subject matter for a future blog.
In their paper, Rossi and Munyo find that frustration (losing when winning was expected) is followed by a spike in violent crime (robbery and assault) that lasts for one hour.
Euphoria (winning when losing was expected) is followed by a reduction in violent crime that, again, lasts for one hour. If the game is between arch rivals Peñarol and Nacional – an evenly matched affair, with no usual favorite – violent crime spikes, again, one hour after the end of the game.
Clearly a fraction of violent crime reflects a breakdown of control, what the authors call one hour of irrational behavior.
Although the authors do not report specifically on domestic violence, it is reasonable to assume much of these spikes in violence are related to domestic violence. Other authors (more below) report significant increases of police reports of at-home male on female intimate partner violence, after upset losses in professional football.
The soccer study uses three data bases: a database that includes the exact time of all crimes reported in Montevideo between 2002 and 2010, a database that includes the results of all soccer matches played by Montevideo arch-rivals Nacional and Peñarol in that period and a data base that includes the odds in the betting market for all of those games.
These data sets allow the authors to construct three natural experiments. In the first natural experiment they test for the impact of frustration by comparing the number of crimes after an upset loss to the number of crimes after an expected loss.
In the second experiment, they test for the presence of euphoria by comparing the number of crimes after an unexpected win to the number of crimes after an expected win. In the third experiment, the authors do not distinguish between frustration and euphoria and compare crime rates after the Nacional – Peñarol game, where the expectation is a draw.
Violence after frustration seems to be quantitatively important: robberies rise 28% compared to the previous week and assaults 26%, although these results are short termed: one hour. On the other hand, violent property crime decreases after an unexpected win: robberies fall by 44% compared to the previous week.
Finally, in the third experiment the results are even stronger assaults rise by 158%.
These results are not the exclusive realm of soccer. In American football, it has been shown that police reports of family violence increase on game days for games involving local teams.
A decade ago, Walter Gantz showed that the presence of an NFL game did slightly increase the number of domestic violence reports. The results were stronger when there were upsets and the number of domestic violence cases was inversely proportional to the point-spread.
More recently, Card and Dahl show that professional football upset losses lead to a 10% increase in the rate of at-home violence by men against their wives and girlfriends, which happen mostly near the end of the game. In contrast, upset wins, have little impact on violence.
Good to keep in mind now that the Superbowl is close.
It would be interesting to know if there has been any policy response to such awful findings. Or would the recommendation be for women to stay away from their home for that hour of irrational behavior?
Very important question. Neither of the articles provide many suggestions.
Interestingly Card and Dahl find that “Rates of violence against family members other than an intimate partner (e.g., a child, sibling, or parent) also show no significant relationship with the outcomes of local NFL games, whereas there is some indication of an effect on rates of violence at home against friends”. They also state that the results “suggest that all forms of IPV rise following an upset loss, with no significant difference in the rise in alcohol-related and non– alcohol-related offenses”. Their results also show effects on the rate of IPV of various holidays and hotter weather: “Thus, an upset loss is comparable to the effect of a hot day, or about one-third of the effect of a holiday like Memorial Day or Independence Day”. In their conclusion they state that “NFL football games are likely to bring couples together, and the emotional cues associated with televised games place women at an elevated risk of abuse “
The two articles just report on the results and do not give much in terms of recommendations on public policy, but a reading of their more detailed results suggest two directions: use of the media during games and offering alternative out of home activities for at risk groups.
It would be interesting to know if there has been any policy response to such awful findings. Or would the recommendation be for women to stay away from their home for that hour of irrational behavior?
Very important question. Neither of the articles provide many suggestions.
Interestingly Card and Dahl find that “Rates of violence against family members other than an intimate partner (e.g., a child, sibling, or parent) also show no significant relationship with the outcomes of local NFL games, whereas there is some indication of an effect on rates of violence at home against friends”. They also state that the results “suggest that all forms of IPV rise following an upset loss, with no significant difference in the rise in alcohol-related and non– alcohol-related offenses”. Their results also show effects on the rate of IPV of various holidays and hotter weather: “Thus, an upset loss is comparable to the effect of a hot day, or about one-third of the effect of a holiday like Memorial Day or Independence Day”. In their conclusion they state that “NFL football games are likely to bring couples together, and the emotional cues associated with televised games place women at an elevated risk of abuse “
The two articles just report on the results and do not give much in terms of recommendations on public policy, but a reading of their more detailed results suggest two directions: use of the media during games and offering alternative out of home activities for at risk groups.